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Mary-Louise Hooper (June 12, 1907 – August 14, 1987) was a wealthy American heiress and civil rights activist and anti-apartheid activist, whose brief imprisonment in Johannesburg, South Africa and subsequent exclusion from South Africa in 1957 was a ''cause célèbre'' both in South Africa and the USA. Hooper was the first white member of the African National Congress, and was described by its National Executive as "one of our number, and a leading worker in the struggle for freedom and democracy",〔Letter of the ANC National Executive to Mary-Louise Hooper, in "About Mary-Louise Hooper, 1961", Africa Defense and Aid Fund of the American Committee on Africa, http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-B6F-84-al.sff.document.acoa000261.pdf〕 and was one of the ANC's three delegates to the first All-African Peoples' Conference in December 1958 in Accra, Ghana, and one of only two American observers at the Third All-African Peoples' Conference in Cairo, Egypt in March 1961. Hooper was also active in the NAACP, the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), and was the West Coast representative of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) from 1962 until about 1969. Hooper was the editor of the ''South African Bulletin'' from 1964 to 1968. ==Early life and education== Mary-Louise Fitkin was born on June 12, 1907 in Swampscott, Massachusetts,〔Ancestry.com. ''Social Security Death Index''. Number: 111-36-7902; Issue State: New York; Issue Date: 1962.〕〔Ancestry.com. ''Oregon Death Index, 1903-98''. County: Klamath Death Date: 14 Aug 1987 Certificate: 87-15495.〕〔Basil Miller, ''Susan N. Fitkin: For God and Missions''. Digital ed. (Holiness Data Ministry, 2006):41, http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyctr/books/2601-2700/HDM2627.pdf〕 the only daughter and second oldest child of Susan Norris Fitkin (born March 31, 1870 in Ely, Quebec, Canada; died October 18, 1951 in Oakland, California),〔Ancestry.com. ''1900 United States Federal Census''. Census Place: Manchester, Hartford, Connecticut; Roll: T623_138; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 199.〕〔"Veteran Missions Head, Rev. Susan Fitkin, Dies", ''The Sun'' (Baltimore, MD) (October 20, 1951):9.〕 an ordained pastor in the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene, and later the founding president of the Nazarene Women's Missionary Society (now Nazarene Missions International), and Abram Edward Fitkin (born on September 18, 1878 in Brooklyn, New York; died on March 18, 1933 in Manhattan, New York),〔Ancestry.com. ''World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918''. Registration Location: Kings County, New York; Roll: 1754592; Draft Board: 65.〕〔However, Fitkin's US Passport application on January 31, 1921 indicates he was born September 18, 1876. See Ancestry.com. ''U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925'' (on-line ). Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1.〕〔Ancestry.com. ''World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918''. Registration Location: Nassau County, New York; Roll: 1754388; Draft Board: 4.925 (M1490).〕 a former evangelist and pastor who had become a businessman. Mary-Louise had three brothers: Abram Raleigh Fitkin (born September 3, 1904 in Everett, Massachusetts; died September 7, 1914);〔 Willis Carradine "Bud" Fitkin (born October 10, 1908 in Hollis, New York; died November 8, 1980 in Meredith, New Hampshire);〔One source indicates his last residence was at 33940 Naples, Collier, Florida. See Ancestry.com. ''Social Security Death Index''. Number: 147-07-2972; Issue State: New Jersey; Issue Date: Before 1951.〕 and Ralph MacFarland Fitkin (March 7, 1912 - July 16, 1962).〔"RALPH M'F. FITKIN, 50, ASSISTED HOSPITALS", ''The New York Times'' (July 18, 1962).〕〔Connecticut Department of Health. Connecticut ''Death Index, 1949-2001''.〕 died on July 16, 1962 in Dade County, Florida.〔Ancestry.com. ''Florida Death Index, 1877-1998''〕 From infancy Mary-Louise attended the Church of the Nazarene with her family.〔"Nazarene", ''The Oakland Tribube'' (March 6, 1926):7.〕 By the end of 1907 Mary-Louise Fitkin, her parents, and brother, Raleigh, moved to Brooklyn because of her father's increased business activities.〔Basil Miller, ''Susan N. Fitkin: For God and Missions''. Digital ed. (Holiness Data Ministry, 2006):42, http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyctr/books/2601-2700/HDM2627.pdf〕 In 1907 the Fitkin family attended the John Wesley Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene located at the corner of Saratoga Avenue and Sumpter Street, Brooklyn,〔Basil Miller, ''Susan N. Fitkin: For God and Missions''. Digital ed. (Holiness Data Ministry, 2006):40, http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyctr/books/2601-2700/HDM2627.pdf〕 then pastored by William Howard Hoople.〔''Brooklyn Eagle'' (Saturday, 12 December 1896):8; E.D. Messer, comp., "Early Nazarene Leaders", ''The Preacher's Magazine'' (September 1933):296, http://wesley.nnu.edu/preachers_magazine/1933_09-10.pdf; W.T. Purkiser, ''Called Unto Holiness: The Story of the Nazarenes'' Vol. 2 (Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1983):70; Brooklyn ''Daily Eagle Almanac'' (1912):334.〕 Her younger brother, Willis Carradine Fitkin, named in honor of holiness evangelist Beverly Carradine, was born on October 10, 1908 in Hollis, Queens〔Basil Miller, ''Susan N. Fitkin: For God and Missions''. Digital ed. (Holiness Data Ministry, 2006):42, 44, http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyctr/books/2601-2700/HDM2627.pdf〕 By April 1910 the Fitkins lived in their own home on Wallis Avenue, Queens, New York.〔Ancestry.com. ''1910 United States Federal Census''. Census Place: Queens Ward 4, Queens, New York; Roll: T624_1065; Page: 9A; Enumeration District: 1279; Image: 735.〕 While living here, her youngest brother, Ralph MacFarland Fitkin was born on March 7, 1912.〔 On September 14, 1914, Raleigh died of complications after surgery for a car accident.〔"ASBURY PARK OPENS $1,000,000 HOSPITAL; Dr. James F. Ackerman, Sponsor, Receives Bronze Medal as Memorial Is Dedicated.LARGEST IN MONMOUTH Gifts of A.E. Fitkin Established First Public Institution In Shore City", Special to ''The New York Times'' (December 30, 1931):5.〕 In December, 1919, Mary-Louise Fitkin organized the Do for Others Club, a boys' and girls' group for the Church of the Nazarene, whose purpose was to do whatever possible for the famine sufferers of India.〔Basil Miller, ''Susan N. Fitkin: For God and Missions''. Digital ed. (Holiness Data Ministry, 2006):56, http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyctr/books/2601-2700/HDM2627.pdf〕 By January 1920 the Fitkin family resided at 271 Brooklyn Avenue, Brooklyn.〔Ancestry.com. ''1920 United States Federal Census''. Census Place: Brooklyn Assembly District 18, Kings, New York; Roll: T625_1172; Page: 7B; Enumeration District: 1103; Image: 1015.〕 By December 1926 the Fitkin family lived at 8 Remsen Street, Brooklyn.〔"Fitkin-Salisbury", ''The New York Times'' (December 29, 1926).〕>〔Ancestry.com. ''New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957''. Year: 1926; Microfilm Serial: T715; Microfilm Roll: T715_3923; Line: 27; Page Number: 58.〕 Mary-Louise Fitkin attended Adelphi Academy at Lafayette Avenue, St. James Place and Clifton Place, Brooklyn, New York,〔Adelphi Academy, Annual Catalog (Ronalds Press, 1913):96.〕 and after graduation, she studied at Stanford University〔"Fitkin-Salsbury", ''The New York Times'' (December 29, 1926).〕〔Stanford University, ''Alumni Directory and Ten-Year Book (Graduates and Non-Graduates)'', Vol. 4 (Published by the University, 1932):268.〕〔''The Stanford Illustrated Review'' 28:6 (1927):299.〕 for one year until June 1928.〔"3 College Girls Have 171 Years Total", ''Greensburg Daily Tribune'' (June 30, 1955):19.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mary-Louise Hooper」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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